HEALTH

This diet may reduce COVID-19 risk, new research suggests

Aug 21, 2024, 3:49 PM

Following the Mediterranean diet may influence your risk of Covid-19, according to new research. (M...

Following the Mediterranean diet may influence your risk of Covid-19, according to new research. (Marian Vejcik, stock photo, Getty Images via CNN Newsource)

(Marian Vejcik, stock photo, Getty Images via CNN Newsource)

(CNN) — A healthy diet has long been hailed by some experts as one potentially important factor influencing the risk of COVID-19, or how bad someone’s case gets.

But a team of researchers in Indonesia looked into how a specific lifestyle might affect these odds — finding that following the Mediterranean diet may reduce your risk of getting COVID-19, according to a review published Wednesday in the journal PLOS One.

“There have been numerous studies that heavily associated COVID-19 with inflammation (in the body), while the Mediterranean diet has been long-known for its anti-inflammatory properties,” said the review’s senior author Andre Siahaan, a lecturer and member of the Center of Evidence-Based Medicine at the University of North Sumatra in Indonesia, via email. “Through our study, we reported a link that further strengthened the connection between these two, in line with our hypothesis.”

Inflammation has been associated with both the development and severity of COVID-19.

Since the coronavirus struck in 2019, there have been more than 775 million reported cases of infection, according to the World Health Organization. That number is still growing, with more than 47,000 cases reported within just the week leading up to Aug. 4 — the most recent statistic from the WHO. More than 7 million people have died from COVID-19.

Mediterranean diet and COVID-19

To investigate whether the risk of infection and severity may be alleviated by the Mediterranean diet, the team reviewed six studies with more than 55,400 participants total across five countries and were published between 2020 and 2023. Participants reported their adherence to the Mediterranean diet using questionnaires.

To determine COVID-19 cases, four studies relied on participants’ reports on whether they had been infected, while another study identified cases by both self-reports and tests for antibodies. All studies with findings regarding symptom severity were also based on participants’ recollections.

Three studies found a “significant” association between the Mediterranean diet and reduced risk of coronavirus infection, while two other studies showed nonsignificant results. Across all these studies, participants following the Mediterranean diet had a lower risk of infection — which can’t be reliably quantified into a specific number partly due to the variance in significance across studies, Siahaan said.

‘Low certainty’

But whether the diet could also reduce the number of symptoms or the severity of disease isn’t as clear, said the authors, who graded the evidence on these aspects as “low certainty.”

Only one study reported a significant link between greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet and fewer COVID-19 symptoms, yet three others found a nonsignificant relationship. One study found the diet reduced the likelihood of severe COVID-19, while two others had inconsistent findings.

Among the food categories measured in some studies, higher consumption of olive oil, fruit and nuts; lower consumption of cereal and red meat; and moderate intake of alcohol were associated with a lower risk of coronavirus infection. Eating more vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, fish and whole grains was linked with lower odds of severe COVID-19.

“These results could have significant public health implications, underscoring the importance of optimal nutrition in preventing both communicable and noncommunicable diseases,” said Dr. Jordi Merino, associate professor at the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark. Merino wasn’t involved in the review.

Unanswered questions

The review provides only preliminary insights, Merino added, so important shortcomings that affect the reliability of the findings should be kept in mind.

Those include that all the studies were observational, so the results offer correlations but don’t prove the Mediterranean diet does or doesn’t have protective effects against COVID-19, said Lisa Drayer, a nutritionist, author and CNN health and nutrition contributor who wasn’t involved in the review.

“This is a big limitation in nutrition research, as it only looks at associations between lifestyle factors and health outcomes,” Drayer said via email. “Factors other than diet, but associated with the Mediterranean diet, could play a role in the findings.”

These aspects that can affect the results if not controlled for are known as confounding factors. Many of the studies didn’t take these into account, which could have influenced findings about the effectiveness of the diet. Those include critical factors that have been well-established as contributing to COVID-19 risk and severity, such as obesity, diabetes and social determinants of health including access to healthy food, Merino said. The interplay between these things “is complex and cannot be fully understood in isolation,” Merino added.

“The studies that didn’t adjust for confounding factors reported significant association, while two studies that adjusted for confounding factors reported non-significant association,” the authors wrote.

Additionally, the self-reporting of health information — in this case, COVID-19 and diet history — is prone to biased responses such as inaccurate memory of what someone ate or how much they consumed certain foods, according to the study.

Exposure to COVID-19, which wasn’t measured in the studies, is another major factor in determining a person’s risk of infection, Drayer said — “much more so than diet.”

Given these loose ends, more research is needed before definitive conclusions can be drawn, the authors said.

Improving diet for disease risk

While short-term dietary changes may have a limited impact on the risk of COVID-19, the long-term benefits of a sustained healthy diet could be larger, Merino said.

“These foods are rich in antioxidants, fiber and micronutrients that enhance immune function and may help boost our natural microbiome and reduce inflammation,” said Dr. Sara Seidelmann, assistant professor of clinical medicine at the Columbia Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, via email.

Regardless of how protective the Mediterranean diet may be against getting COVID-19 or developing severe symptoms, it’s “a healthy and delicious lifestyle choice” that Drayer recommends and follows herself, she said.

The Mediterranean diet has also been found to be helpful for reducing the risk or severity of heart disease, stroke, dementia, breast cancer, high cholesterol, memory loss, depression and more.

“We are aware that changing someone’s diet may not be easy, however, slowly adjusting and incorporating the Mediterranean diet elements one by one into your life would be a good idea,” said Siahaan, the senior author.

Those include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, fish and olive oil while reducing red meats and processed foods, Seidelmann said.

But most importantly, getting vaccinated “remains the best” and safest protection against COVID-19-related hospitalization, long-term health outcomes and death, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

In addition to strategies such as vaccination and mask-wearing, “by adopting healthy dietary practices and addressing underlying health disparities, we can enhance population resilience and improve overall health outcomes,” Merino said.

KSL 5 TV Live

Health

A group of cancer activists at Utah's Capitol Hill for Cancer Action Day. (American Cancer Society)...

Tamara Vaifanua

Looking Out for the Good: Cancer activists to gather with elected officials on Capitol Hill

Activists and patients will be at Utah's Capitol Hill to meet with elected officials, sharing their stories and pushing policies that aid the fight against cancer.

1 day ago

Art displays draw attention to women's heart disease. (KSL TV)...

Karah Brackin

Art display brings attention to women’s heart disease

Acid reflux, the flu, or aging: These can be misconceptions about what is really going on, which is much more severe.

6 days ago

The Department of Public Safety is warning Utahns to not drink and drive this Super Bowl Sunday. (K...

Dan Rascon

Department of Public Safety encourages fans to plan a sober ride for Super Bowl Sunday

The Utah Department of Public Safety sent out a word of warning for Super Bowl Sunday: Do not drink and drive.

7 days ago

The Weber County Animal Shelter said it had to euthanize at least 18 dogs after a canine parvovirus...

SIMONE SEIKALY

Parvovirus outbreak leads to euthanizations at Weber County Animal Services

Weber County Animal Services had to euthanize 18 dogs that tested positive for canine parvovirus.

8 days ago

A woman wearing lime green platform shoes....

Emma Benson

Beauty is pain? Why platform shoes can be a health hazard

While platform shoes are back in style, experts say they pose a risk for injury.

13 days ago

The Ogden Fire Department has created a new position. The homeless medical advocate will address th...

Alex Cabrero

Ogden Fire Department expands services with 1 new homeless medical advocate

Ogden Fire's homeless medical advocate will focus on treating minor medical issues among the homeless population.

14 days ago

Sponsored Articles

luxury living room with a classic white sofa and sofa, interior design...

Lighting Design

Revisiting home lighting trends for 2025

Looking for inspiration to revamp your home lighting? This article outlines some of the emerging lighting trends for 2025.

holiday gift basket with blue tissue paper and gingerbread cookies...

Kneaders Bakery & Cafe

Holiday hacks for a stress-free season

Get more out of your time with family and loved ones over the holidays by following these tips for a stress-free season.

2 computer techs in a computer shop holding up a computer server with the "hang loose" sign...

PC Laptops

A comprehensive guide to choosing the right computer

With these tips, choosing the right computer that fits your needs and your budget will be easier than ever.

crowds of people in a German style Christmas market...

This Is The Place Heritage Park

Celebrate Christkindlmarket at This Is The Place Heritage Park!

The Christkindlmarket is an annual holiday celebration influenced by German traditions and generous giving.

Image of pretty woman walking in snowy mountains. Portrait of female wearing warm winter earmuff, r...

Lighting Design

Brighten your mood this winter with these lighting tricks

Read our lighting tips on how to brighten your mood in the winter if you are experiencing seasonal affective disorder.

A kitchen with a washer and dryer and a refrigerator...

Appliance Man

Appliance Man: a trusted name in Utah’s home appliance industry

Despite many recent closures of local appliance stores, Appliance Man remains Utah's trusted home appliance business and is here to stay.

This diet may reduce COVID-19 risk, new research suggests